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research and development costs (expenditures)

См. также в других словарях:

  • research and development — Introduction abbreviation  R and D,  or  R & D,         in industry, two intimately related processes by which new products and new forms of old products are brought into being through technological innovation. Introduction and definitions        …   Universalium

  • Business and Industry Review — ▪ 1999 Introduction Overview        Annual Average Rates of Growth of Manufacturing Output, 1980 97, Table Pattern of Output, 1994 97, Table Index Numbers of Production, Employment, and Productivity in Manufacturing Industries, Table (For Annual… …   Universalium

  • Agriculture and Food Supplies — ▪ 2007 Introduction Bird flu reached Europe and Africa, and concerns over BSE continued to disrupt trade in beef. An international vault for seeds was under construction on an Arctic island. Stocks of important food fish species were reported… …   Universalium

  • Computers and Information Systems — ▪ 2009 Introduction Smartphone: The New Computer.       The market for the smartphone in reality a handheld computer for Web browsing, e mail, music, and video that was integrated with a cellular telephone continued to grow in 2008. According to… …   Universalium

  • History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China — For more than a century China s leaders have called for rapid development of science and technology, and science policy has played a greater role in national politics in China than in many other countries. China s scientific and technical… …   Wikipedia

  • Water Resources Development Act of 1992 — The Water Resources Development Act of 1992 (WRDA 1992), USPL|102|580, was enacted by Congress of the United States on October 31, 1992. [ [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi bin/bdquery/D?d102:1:./temp/ bdMCKV:@@@D summ2=m |/bss/d102query.html||Public… …   Wikipedia

  • Comparison of Canadian and American economies — The economies of Canada and the United States are extremely similar because they are both developed countries and are each other s largest trading partners. However, key differences in population makeup, geography, government policies and… …   Wikipedia

  • Water Resources Development Act of 1988 — (WRDA 1988), USPL|100|676, is a public law passed by Congress on November 17, 1988 concerning water resources in the United States in the areas of flood control, navigation, dredging, environment, recreation, water supply, beach nourishment and… …   Wikipedia

  • History of private equity and venture capital — The history of private equity and venture capital and the development of these asset classes has occurred through a series of boom and bust cycles since the middle of the 20th century. Within the broader private equity industry, two distinct sub… …   Wikipedia

  • Technological and industrial history of Canada — The technological and industrial history of Canada encompasses the country s development in the areas of transportation, communication, energy, materials, public works, public services (health care), domestic/consumer and defense technologies.… …   Wikipedia

  • Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 — Full title Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 Enacted by the 110th United States Congress Citations Public Law …   Wikipedia

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